The invention provides a high-voltage pile head test electrode of a transformer, and the transformer, and relates to the field of electric power accessories. The test electrode comprises a test rod and an insulation sheath; one end of the test rod is connected with a high-voltage pile head line board, and the other end of the test rod is a free end; the free end is used for being connected with anelectrical test instrument; insulation layers are arranged outside the high-voltage pile head line board and the joint of the test rod and the high-voltage pile head line board; and the free end of the test rod is sleeved with the insulation sheath. The insulation layers are arranged outside the high-voltage pile head line board and the joint of the test rod and the high-voltage pile head line board, and only the free end of the test rod is exposed; and during testing, an insulated rubber tape wound outside the high-voltage pile head line board does not need to be taken down and only the insulation sheath needs to be taken down to expose the free end, and after testing, the exterior of the high-voltage pile head line board does not need to be subjected to flame insulation processing and only the free end needs to be sleeved with the insulation sheath, so that the labor intensity of workers can be reduced, the working efficiency of workers is improved, and the operation risk is lowered.