The invention relates to an apparatus for rapidly completing mud cake discharging and sludge charging of a filter press. The apparatus is characterized in that during each operation cycle, a circular-chain plate-opening machine is employed for continuous unlatching of a filter board to achieve rapid discharging, a charging mode of high-low pressure pumping is employed for rapid feeding by low pressure pumping, after reaching rated pressure, low pressure pumping is switched to high pressure pumping, squeezing dewatering work can be carried out, so that purposes of rapid feeding and energy saving can be achieved.