The invention discloses a sewage aeration treatment system. The system comprises a pre-filtration tank and an aeration tower body, wherein the water outlet end of the pre-filtration tank is communicated with the water inlet end of the aeration tower body through a first communicating pipe; a first water pump is arranged on the first communicating pipe; the pre-filtration tank comprises a water inlet tank and a water outlet tank; a vertical baffle is arranged between the water inlet tank and the water outlet tank; a plurality of filtering holes are formed in the upper side of the vertical baffle in a hollow manner. The system has the advantages that the structure is simple, an air bubble cluster violently rolls when being in a barrel channel under the rotary stirring of an auger blade, thecontact area and the flowability between air bubbles and water flow are increased.