The invention discloses a testing device and method for testing comprehensive performance of a lathe feeding system. The testing device for testing the comprehensive performance of the lathe feeding system comprises a feeding unit, a follow-up loading unit and a measurement and control system; the feeding unit serves as a main body of a research object and is the core of the testing device; the follow-up loading unit conducts three-direction follow-up force loading on the feeding unit; and the measurement and control system controls movement of the feeding unit and the follow-up loading unit and the magnitude of loading force, and collects performance parameters of the feeding system. A platform foundation is provided for research of the comprehensive performance of the feeding system, different cutting force and rotational speeds can be set, and related research is conducted on the feeding system.