The invention relates to a tree-shaped nanoscale cylindrical hole filter membrane. A plurality of uniformly distributed through holes with tree-shaped structures are formed in a thin solid material (1); each through hole with the tree-shaped structure comprises a trunk hole (2) with large diameter and four small branched holes with the same diameter and length; the four branched holes are communicated with the trunk hole (2) at the same cross section position of the trunk hole (2); each branched hole is a filtering hole; the diameter of the branched hole is nano-scale; the length of the branched hole is determined according to the strength requirement of the filtering hole; the four branched holes of one trunk hole are distributed on the solid material (1) densely; the trunk hole (2) is used for reducing the flowing resistance of the filter membrane; the thickness of the solid material (1) is determined according to the requirement of the mechanical strength; and the solid material (1)is the filter membrane. The filter membrane has high filtering capability, penetration capacity and mechanical strength, and has important application value in ultrafine filtration of water, blood and the like.