The invention provides a surface plasma-based quantum dot random laser. The surface plasma-based quantum dot random laser comprises a first glass substrate, a spacer layer and a second glass substratewhich are stacked sequentially; a micro-grade groove is formed in the surface, fit with the spacer layer, of the first glass substrate and is used for quantum dots to deposit; and the spacer layer contains metal nanoparticles fixed on the second glass substrate, and distance between the metal nanoparticles and the quantum dots is controlled. The surface plasma resonance effect of the metal nanoparticles enhances the excitation efficiency of pump light and the radiation efficiency of random laser; meanwhile, the spacer layer effectively avoids fluorescence quenching phenomenon generated by contact of the quantum dots and the metal nanoparticles; furthermore, the spacer layer material adopts a transparent macromolecular polymer, the resonance adsorption spectrum of the metal nanoparticles is subjected to red shift, and coupling between a surface plasma resonance band and an excitation spectrum as well as between the surface plasma resonance band and an outgoing spectrum is realized, sothat stable and random laser with low threshold value and high intensity is obtained to be emergent.