The invention discloses a method for predicting lightning current amplitudes on the basis of meteorological parameters. The method comprises the following steps of: determining meteorological parameters related to lightning current amplitudes and obtaining numerical values of the meteorological parameters; establishing a relevance model of the numerical values of the meteorological parameter and the lightning current amplitudes by utilizing the numerical value of the meteorological parameters and the lightning current amplitudes corresponding to the numerical values of the meteorological parameters; selecting the numerical values of the meteorological parameters when a power transmission line trips for multiple times due to lightning stroke as input parameters of the relevance model, and selecting the corresponding lightning current amplitudes when the power transmission line trips as output parameters so as to train the relevance model; selecting a numerical value of a history meteorological parameter, and calculating the numerical value of the history meteorological parameter by utilizing a training model so as to obtain a calculated lightning current amplitude; when an error value between the calculated lightning current amplitude and a lightning current amplitude corresponding to the numerical value of the history meteorological parameter satisfies a predetermined error threshold value, taking the training model as a determined prediction model; and inputting a real-time meteorological parameter into the prediction model so as to obtain a real-time lightning current amplitude predicted value.