The invention discloses a rapid soil layering sampling device which comprises a bracket, wherein a sampling mechanism for sampling and a driving mechanism for driving the sampling mechanism to insertinto soil are fixedly connected with the bracket; the sampling mechanism comprises a mounting plate mounted on the bracket; a plurality of mounting holes are formed in the mounting plate; sampling rings are connected inside the mounting holes in a sliding manner; baffle plates are fixedly connected with the sampling rings; the sampling rings are not interfered by one another in a vertical direction; a plurality of driving parts are mounted on the bracket; baffle blocks are embedded into the lower parts of the driving parts; embedding grooves are formed in the sampling rings; concave grooves are formed in inner walls of the sampling rings. The sampling rings are completely inserted into soil through the driving mechanism, the baffle blocks are inserted into the soil and embedded into the embedding grooves of the sampling rings through the driving parts, the driving mechanism is then powered on to taken out the sampling rings, outer walls of the sampling rings are cleaned, the sampling rings are covered by upper covers, then sampling is completed, compared with a conventional method, the sampling method is relatively convenient and short in sampling time, and the sampling efficiencyis improved.