The invention discloses a shuttle-shape-structured carbon-coated iron phosphide electrode material and a preparation method of same. In the electrode material, carbon-coated iron phosphide particles are aggregated in a shuttle-shape structure and are 10-80 nm in particle size, wherein mass percentage of the iron phosphide is 50-90%. The shuttle-shape-structured carbon-coated iron phosphide electrode material is prepared through polymerization and thermal treatment. The electrode material, when being used as a negative pole of a lithium/sodium ion battery, has advantages of high first Coulombicefficiency, high specific capacity, excellent cycle performance and rate capability and long cycle life. The preparation method is simple and low-cost and is easy to carry out in industrial large-scale production.