The invention discloses a method for predicting characteristics of a dynamic icing ice type microstructure of an aircraft. The method comprises a first step of acquiring an icing macro morphology by an icing wind tunnel experiment; a second step of acquiring an icing micro morphology and the nucleation density through an ice type microscopic image experiment; and a third step of acquiring characteristics of an icing ice type microstructure through the phase field simulation. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the positive effects that with the invention, the method for predicting the characteristics of the icing microstructure can be established, the shortcoming that the current prediction of the icing characteristics is mainly macro prediction is effectively overcome, and therefore technical support is further provided for establishing a method for quantitative characterization of icing physical characteristics, increasing the refinement level of icing prediction, developing a high efficiency, low redundancy aircraft anti-icing/deicing system, and improving the safety flight capability of the aircraft under icing conditions.