The invention discloses an adjustable floating photoelectric hybrid cable for marine prospecting. The adjustable floating photoelectric hybrid cable is composed of a cable core, a water blocking wrapping tape, an inner sheath, a physical foamed protective layer and an outer sheath, wherein the cable core, the water blocking wrapping tape, the inner sheath, the physical foamed protective layer andthe outer sheath are successively arranged from inside to outside. The cable core comprises an optical cable unit and a power line unit. The center optical cable unit is straightly placed. The power line unit surrounds the optical fiber unit and is intertwisted for forming the cable. Water blocking aramid fiber yarns are arranged in the clearance of the cable core and outside the cable core. The optical fiber of the optical cable unit is composed of a plurality of bent loss-insensitive single-mode coated optical fibers. Optical fiber grease is filled between the optical fibers. A stainless steel metal loose armored sleeve is utilized outside the optical fiber. An extruded layer is extruded outside the loose sleeve. The power line of the power line unit is composed of a second-kind intertwisted conductor. An insulating layer is arranged outside the conductor.