The invention discloses a current test system for the whole process of a circuit artificial-grounding short-circuit test. The system includes a pole tower A, a pole tower B, an arc strike frame J, an arc strike wire D, a grounding short-circuit current testing probe F1, an optical fiber transmission system and a data analysis system; a circuit wire F is arranged between the pole tower A and the pole tower B and used for artificial-grounding short-circuit testing; the arc strike frame J is fixed on the wire F, one end of the arc strike wire D is connected with the arc strike frame J, the other end of the arc strike wire D is connected with a grounding down lead of the pole tower A, and the grounding short-circuit current testing probe F1 is arranged on the arc strike wire D and used for measuring the grounding short-circuit current on the arc strike wire D; the output end of the grounding short-circuit current testing probe F1 is connected with the data analysis system through the optical fiber transmission system. The system can achieve the whole-process test of the circuit grounding short-circuit current from the power frequency 50Hz to the transient state and can be used for studying the production mechanism and process of grounding short-circuit electric arc, so that a method and measure used for reducing the harm of the system are studied, and research of reliable line protection devices is achieved.