The invention discloses a system for treating electrolytic aluminum waste gas. The system comprises a waste gas absorption hood, a main gas exhauster, a combustion chamber and an adsorption chamber connected to the tail end of the combustion chamber, wherein the waste gas absorption hood, the main gas exhauster, the combustion chamber and the adsorption chamber are connected in sequence; the waste gas absorption hood covers the top of an electrolytic tank; the system for treating the electrolytic aluminum waste gas further comprises cooling equipment and a liquid collection device; the cooling equipment is connected to the front end of the combustion chamber; and the liquid collection device is connected to the bottom of the cooling equipment. The invention further provides a method for treating the electrolytic aluminum waste gas. The method comprises the following steps: (1) removal of hydrogen fluoride; (2) removal of carbon monoxide; and (3) removal of solid dust and carbon dioxide. According to the system and the method for treating the electrolytic aluminum waste gas, which are provided by the invention, hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and the solid dust in the electrolytic aluminum waste gas can be removed; moreover, hydrogen fluoride is converted into liquid and then is stored and used as an industrial solid, so that the industrial value of hydrogen fluoride can be developed.