The invention discloses a broadband full-polarization imaging apparatus based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. Light carrying target polarization information progresses to a polarization modulation module through a collimating system, the light beam is divided into reflection light and transmission light through a polarization beam splitter, the two light beams separately pass through a half-wavelength plate which is arranged at an angle of 22.5 DEG, rotate at an angle of 45 DEG, and pass through a diffraction grating, have dispersion, then pass through a plane mirror, and change the progressing direction, progress to the polarization beam splitter, have second splitting, and two groups of light are generated in accordance with the progressing direction, one group of light pass through an analyzer, have the same vibration direction, and under the action of an imaging lens, and acquire stable interference fringe from a CCD array, and the other group of light pass through a 1/4 wavelength plate which is arranged at an angle of zero DEG, circular polarization and linear polarization exchange numerical values, and then the other group of light pass through a polarizer, under the action of the imaging lens, the CCD detection array acquires the interference fringe. Finally, the two groups of interference fringes are demodulated, and the linear polarization information of a target is acquired.