The invention provides water-swellable thermosensitive polymeric microspheres and a preparation method and application thereof. The water-swellable thermosensitive polymeric microspheres comprise water phase components and oil phase components; the water phase components include deionized water, acrylamide, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, sodium p-styrenesulfonate, methacryloxyethyl hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, cross-linking agents, pH modifiers and initiators; the oil phase components include diesel oil, porpylene glycol fatty acid ester, sorbitan mo-nooleate polyoxyethylene ether (Tween80), 1,4-butanediol, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, and initiators B; the ratio range of the water phase components to the oil phase components is 0.45-1.08. The water-swellable thermosensitive polymeric microspheres have the hydrophobic property, and show certain hydrophilia after their temperature reach a certain value; in other words, the microspheres cannot swell at the early stage of injection but begin to swell slowly after reaching to a certain depth under action of temperature, and avoid being hydrated and dissolved rapidly, and accordingly can reach the deep bed of formation during injecting so as to realize deep-bed profile controlling and flooding.