The invention discloses a dust-removing filter bag capable of realizing the quick assembly and disassembly of a filter bag body and a bag cage. The dust-removing filter bag comprises an air pump, a main pipeline, a valve, a first branch pipeline, a second branch pipeline, the filter bag body, a mounting plate, the bag cage and an annular plate, wherein the mounting plate comprises a center hole; the lower surface of the mounting plate is provided with an annular groove; a first annular chamber is arranged in the mounting plate; the bag cage comprises a plurality of vertical ribs; a vertical channel is arranged in each vertical rib; the outer side surface of each vertical rib is provided with a plurality of containing grooves; a bar-shaped air cell communicating with the vertical channel is fixed in each containing groove; a second annular chamber is arranged in the annular plate; an annular air cell communicating with the second annular chamber is fixed on the inner side surface of the annular plate; the top of the filter bag body comprises an annular part; the annular part is positioned in the annular groove; the annular air cell and the plurality of vertical ribs clamp the filter bag body; and the bar-shaped air cells abut against the inner side wall of the filter bag body. The filter bag disclosed by the invention can realize the quick assembly and disassembly of the filter bag body and the bag cage.