The invention provides a valve sleeve type air cushion-free high-performance pneumatic impacter which employs a structure of central air distribution. A central air distribution rod is sleeved with a valve sleeve type air distribution valve which is in sliding fit with an inner hole at the rear end of a piston; the inner hole of the piston is provided with a flow distribution groove. With reciprocating movement of the air distribution valve, the intake stroke of a front cavity in a piston stroke stage is greatly reduced, so that the proportion of accelerated movement time of the stroke stage of the piston is greatly increased, the operating stroke of the working piston of the impacter can be shortened and single impact energy which is great enough can be obtained. Thus, on the conditions of the same specification of pneumatic impacters, the same air source pressure and wind quantity and constant output of single impact energy, the impact efficiency of the pneumatic impacter can be remarkably increased, the energy conversion rate of the pneumatic impacter can be increased, the drilling efficiency can be greatly increased and energy consumption can be remarkably reduced.