The invention discloses a high-temperature cyclone smelting type chromium slag detoxification device. The device comprises a cyclone smelting furnace body, a cyclone separator, a cooling tank, a feeding bin for conveying chromium slag and an additive containing SiO2 and a pulverized coal bin for conveying the pulverized coal, wherein a primary air inlet and a jet burner are arranged on the top of the cyclone smelting furnace body; a secondary air inlet is also formed in the cyclone smelting furnace body; the lower end of the cyclone smelting furnace body is connected with a slag discharging pipe; furnace slag caused by the burning in the cyclone smelting furnace body is discharged into the cooling tank through the slag discharging pipe; the upper end of the cyclone separator communicates with a bag dust remover through a flue; the bag dust remover also communicates with a chimney through a draught fan; and an over-heater, a coal economizer and an air pre-heater are sequentially arranged in the flue. By adopting the additive containing SiO2, particularly sand and quartz sand, smelting points of high-chromium slag and pulverized coal ash are obviously increased, so that complete reduction of Cr6+ in a high-temperature area is carried out, smelting of the chromium slag and the pulverized coal in a low-temperature area is avoided to prevent the phenomenon of incomplete detoxification.