The invention relates to a high-speed video acquisition and transmission system. The system comprises two parts, namely a data transmitting end and a data receiving end; the transmitting end and the receiving end are both equipped with an SDI interface; the transmitting end and the receiving end transmit data through a coaxial cable; the transmitting end comprises a high speed image sensor and a video acquisition module and a data mapping module integrated on an FPGA chip; the receiving end comprises a data de-mapping module, a video coding module and a video output module integrated on an ARM chip; and through the cooperation function of the data mapping module of the transmitting end and the data de-mapping module of the receiving end, long distance lossless transmission of a non-standard format high speed image is realized.