The invention relates to a one-fish-year Coilia ectenes pond series-connection ecological breeding and culture method. The method comprises the following steps: series-connected pond construction and preparation, parent selection and stocking, management before breeding, management during breeding, Macrobrachium nipponense stocking, management during culture, and catching and production. The method is characterized in that two adjacent ponds are connected in series, one pond is used as a fingerling pond, the other pond is used as a parent pond, a series connection culvert pipe is embedded into the isolation pond levee between the two ponds, and an aerator is respectively arranged in the parent pond and fingerling pond; in early and mid April, fresh water is introduced into the parent pond and fingerling pond; one-fish-year Coilia ectenes is transferred into the parent pond as parents, water is changed every half a month after the parent stocking (the water change quantity is controlled at 30%), and an external biological bait is added as a supplement when the biological density of the bait is low; from mid May, 4-6% of the water is changed every day by pumping until mid June, and the fingerlings of the parent pond are introduced into the fingerling pond through the water flow of the series connection culvert pipe; and the culture period starts in late June, and a polyethylene net of which the mesh specification is 2x3mm is utilized and dragged to catch the Coilia ectenes in December.