The invention relates to a super-resolution micro-imaging device and method of a micro-droplet lens and the device and method can be applied to the fields of water quality environmental monitoring and biomedical diagnosis. With a smart phone or an ordinary personal computer as an observation platform, an optical microscope and a liquid-phase microsyringe are combined; and the liquid-phase microsyringe is used for adjusting the size of the micro-droplet lens for magnifying and displaying a to-be-tested sample so as to adjust a magnification factor of the micro lens, thereby realizing an effect of resolution improvement. Besides, on the basis of combination of a need of an observer, an algorithm for enhanced displaying of an image is embedded into the observation platform, so that various application environment requirements can be met. The system has the good biomedicine detection application prospects. And the super-resolution micro-imaging device and method can be applied to exceed the diffraction limit of the traditional microscope under the optical microscope platform.