The invention provides a preparation method of polymer macroporous resin realizing rapid temperature response. The method comprises steps as follows: a hydrophilic thermosensitive monomer and polyvinyl acetal foam are subjected to a grafting reaction under an acidic condition under the action of an initiating agent, and the polymer macroporous resin realizing rapid temperature response is obtained, wherein the hydrophilic thermosensitive monomer is any one or more of N-isopropylacrylamide, N-ethyl acrylamide and N,N-diethyl acrylamide. Polymerization is initiated through redox, a thermosensitive polymer chain segment is introduced into a macroporous polyvinyl formal precursor initially, and the obtained material maintains a communicated porous structure peculiar to a polyvinyl formal foam material and can realize swelling equilibrium at the low temperature in several minutes and realize deswelling equilibrium at the high temperature in several minutes.