The invention discloses a pull rod type device for rapidly cooling a high-temperature test piece in Hopkinson bar experiment and belongs to the technical field of mechanical property experiments of rock masses. By pulling a sliding rod, an opening/closing state of a hollow water separation cover can be controlled. Under the open state of the hollow water separation cover, heating and Hopkinson bar impact experiments of the test piece are not influenced; under the closed state of the hollow water separation cover, water can be fed and sprayed on the test piece to realize rapid cooling of the high-temperature test piece. Meanwhile, the hollow water separation cover also has a protection effect on a hearth of a heating furnace and the hearth is prevented from being damaged by fragments which are generated when the high-temperature rock masses meet cold water. Furthermore, in a whole heating, cooling and impact experiment process, the test piece is not moved; the pull rod type device disclosed by the invention is simple and compact in structure and is simple and convenient to operate and control; a whole experiment process can be rapidly finished. The design of the water separation cover is flexible and the proceeding of the Hopkinson bar experiment is not influenced under the state that the water separation cover is opened all the time; a function of designing various utilization methods is realized so that the device is economical and practical.