Aiming at the problem of low traditional water-filling and emptying efficiency of a ship elevator chamber, and combining the characteristic that a hydraulic driving type ship elevator can automatically adjust balancing weight submerged depth in real time so as to adapt to a chamber side load change, the invention provides a quick emptying and water-filling method for a hydraulic driving type ship elevator chamber, which is characterized by carrying out emptying and water-filling through a chamber water-feeding and water-discharging manner at a chamber door opening state. According to the method, the emptying and water-filling efficiency of the ship elevator is greatly improved, the emptying or the water-filling can be finished at a time within half an hour, and the whole process is controlled by a central control room, so that the manpower and the material resources are saved; and a submerged pump on the chamber can be removed, so that the potential safety hazard brought for the operation of the ship elevator is eliminated, and the method is particularly suitable for carrying out emptying or water-filling for a large-scale chamber.