The invention provides an in-orbit high-precision real-time positioning method based on optical images. The in-orbit high-precision real-time positioning method comprises the steps that: relevant parameters in a strict geometric imaging model are classified and equalized, and the strict geometric imaging model is equivalent to an on-satellite geometric positioning model; parameters of the on-satellite geometric positioning model are corrected by utilizing a control point of a ground calibration field; and the corrected parameters are registered to a satellite. Since the traditional strict geometric imaging model is subjected to board division and optimization, the strict geometric imaging model is equivalent to the on-satellite geometric positioning model, the on-satellite geometric positioning model can adapt to the situation of limited on-satellite resources, the time hysteresis of positioning is reduced through real-time positioning treatment by means of the on-satellite geometric positioning model, the pressure on a digital transmission system by massive data downward-transfer is reduced, and finally errors of the system are reduced by adopting a parameter correction method based on satellite-ground collaboration, thereby improving the positioning precision.