The invention discloses a multi-elasticity quantitative segmentation method for driving factors influencing runoff changes. The method comprises the following steps: collecting long-term hydro-meteorological data of a river basin; calculating potential evaporation amount and actual evaporation amount; then calculating parameters representing basin characteristics by using a single-parameter Budyko equation; analyzing the change extent of each hydro-meteorological variable of the basin relative to a long-time average annual value; calculating the elasticity of runoff relative to seven driving factors; determining the abrupt change point of annual runoff process, wherein a period before the abrupt change point is a reference period and a period after the abrupt change point is a changing period; and analyzing the contribution rates of the seven driving factors to the runoff changes based on the elasticity coefficients of the hydro-meteorological variables and the differences of the hydro-meteorological variables in the changing period relative to the hydro-meteorological variables in the reference period. According to the invention, a climate elasticity process is applied to multi-elasticity analysis of the influence of rainfall, highest temperature, lowest temperature, wind speed, sunlight, relative humidity and basin characteristics on runoff changes based on the changes of hydro-meteorological elements of the basin, so the influence of each driving factor on the runoff changes is quantitatively identified. The method has good applicability and is more comprehensive and more scientific in calculated results.