The invention discloses a portable rapid bacterium-collecting system used for rapid detection of microbes in filling drinking-water. The portable rapid bacterium-collecting system comprises an operation box, a box door, five bacterium-collecting devices, an ultraviolet lamp and a power box. The bacterium-collecting system provided by the invention is portable, can directly carry out sampling and bacterium collection on site in a to-be-detected water plant, and is not restricted by environmental conditions for usage of the system and capable of effectively shortening a detection period. The system provided by the invention is of an enclosed structure, so contamination can be effectively prevented, and the accuracy of bacterium collection can be effectively guaranteed. The system can pump water samples into a first bacterium collection device and a second bacterium collection device according to culture needs of different bacteria, so the disadvantage that traditional detection needs sampling a plurality of times is overcome, and subsequent classified culture of different bacteria is facilitated. The system can realize pumping and filling of water samples and has the advantages of convenient operation, high bacterium collection efficiency and great reduction in labor intensity. Frequently used detection devices can be mounted on the outer side of the system, so the application scope of the system is wide.