The invention puts forward a hot-line work robot bolt identification method based on random Hough transform and a SVM (Support Vector Machine). The hot-line work robot bolt identification method comprises the following steps that using a binocular camera to collect an operation scene binocular image including bolts; according to the image, judging whether haze is in the presence or not, if the haze is in the presence, adopting a multiscale Retinex method with color restoration to carry out enhancement and restoration on the image, and then, extracting image edges; if the haze is not in the presence, further judging whether a highlight phenomenon is in the presence in the image or not, if the highlight phenomenon is in the presence, adopting a homomorphic filtering method to enhance the image, then, extracting the image edges, and if the highlight phenomenon is not in the presence, directly extracting the image edges; adopting a method based on random Hough transform to carry out ellipse fitting on image edge information; and if a plurality of ellipses are fit, adopting a target identification method based on the SVM to carry out classification identification on a plurality of ellipse fitting results. By use of the method, bolts can be quickly and accurately identified under a complex background.