The invention belongs to the technical field of fuses, and in particular, relates to a proximity fuse quantum short-range detecting system and a method for resisting blockage electromagnetic interference. The system comprises a quantum entanglement source device, a beam splitting device, an electromagnetic wave emitting device, an electromagnetic wave receiving device, an electromagnetic wave stop delaying device, a joint association measuring device, a quantum valuation judging device and an igniter; the quantum entanglement source device is connected with the beam splitting device; the beam splitting device is respectively connected with the electromagnetic wave emitting device and the electromagnetic wave stop delaying device; the electromagnetic wave receiving device and the electromagnetic wave stop delaying device are both connected with the joint association measuring device; the joint association measuring device is connected with the quantum valuation judging device; and the quantum valuation judging device is connected with the igniter. The system can perform the judgment by needing no amplification or few-grade amplification to prevent the problem of damage of proximity electromagnetic fuses caused by amplification due to detection of weak detecting signals from strong interference signals, and achieves the capacity of resisting the blockage electromagnetic interference.