The invention discloses a sewage treatment device capable of quickly filtering sewage. The sewage treatment device comprises a tank body, wherein a leaking plate is arranged on the top part of an inner cavity of the tank body; a motor is arranged on the top part of the leaking plate; a net cage is arranged on the output end of the motor; a water inlet is formed in the top part of the net cage; the top part of the surface of the water inlet penetrates through the tank body and extends to the top part of the tank body; ultraviolet disinfection lamps are arranged on the top parts of two sides of the inner cavity of the tank body; a funnel is arranged on the bottom part of the leaking plate; a rotary shaft is arranged in an inner cavity of the funnel; filter screen plates are arranged on the top part and the bottom part of the rotary shaft; a filter plate is arranged on the bottom part of the funnel; a filter screen and a dust collecting screen are sequentially arranged in an inner cavity of the filter plate from top to bottom. The sewage treatment device provided by the invention can play a role in quickly filtering sewage for use through cooperation of the filter screen plates, the motor, the net cage, the ultraviolet disinfection lamps, the leaking plate, the rotary shaft, the funnel, the filter plate, the filter screen and the dust collecting screen, so that a filter effect of the sewage is better.