The invention provides an acoustic-optical modulator driving system. The acoustic-optical modulator driving system comprises a signal generation circuit, an adjustable attenuator circuit, a power amplifier and a radiofrequency switch circuit, wherein the signal generation circuit is suitable for generating microwave signals with specific frequency; the adjustable attenuator circuit is connected with the signal generation circuit and is suitable for adjusting attenuation of power of the microwave signals generated by the signal generation circuit to obtain microwave signals with adjustable power in a certain range; the power amplifier is connected with the adjustable attenuator circuit and is suitable for amplifying the microwave signals modulated by the adjustable attenuator circuit to obtain the microwave signals with the required power; the radiofrequency switch circuit is positioned between the adjustable attenuator circuit and the power amplifier and is switched on or switched off to control transmission of the microwave signals between the adjustable attenuator circuit and the power amplifier. The acoustic-optical modulator driving system has the advantages that rapid switching of ns levels of a laser path can be realized, the isolation is high, bandwidth is narrow, frequency and power are stable, the system is continuously adjustable, the diffraction efficiency is high and the like.