The invention discloses a charging current setting system and a charging current setting method for acquiring a cell voltage based on a mobile terminal. The method comprises the following steps: detecting whether the mobile terminal accesses a charging power supply, and if so, recording a set charging current as I1; when an instruction for precisely acquiring the cell voltage is received, accruing a current I2 currently charged into a cell, and setting the charging current as I1-I2; and reading a cell voltage V1, and then setting the charging current as I1. When the current charged into the cell is zero, the cell voltage is acquired, so that the actual voltage of the cell can be precisely acquired, the real electric quantity of the cell is obtained and is displayed to a user, and the user can know the electric quantity of the cell; and when the terminal is charged, the cell can be fully charged, so that the charging of the cell is relatively stable and precise.