The invention is applicable to the technical field of optical three-dimensional digital imaging and provides a rapid matching method of corresponding points for a phase mapping assisted three-dimensional imaging system; the method comprises the steps of S1, acquiring an image including information of an object under measurement, and calculating to obtain first and second phase distribution diagrams composed of phase values Phi of points acquired; S2, using the phase values Phi of the points in the first phase distribution diagram and preset first calibration data to estimate spatial three-dimensional point coordinates of the object under measurement by means of phase mapping; S3, re-projecting the spatial three-dimensional point coordinates to a plane of the second phase distribution diagram to obtain reference corresponding points; S4, on polar lines of one-pixel range using one reference corresponding point, corresponding to a certain point in the first phase distribution diagram, as a center, finding a corresponding point to the certain point according to the phase value Phi of the certain point so that the corresponding point is matched. The method provided herein has narrowed finding range and shortened finding time.