The invention discloses a floating thrust bearing structure of an axial flow turbocharger. The floating thrust bearing structure of the axial flow turbocharger comprises a bearing shell, a bearing base, a bearing cover, a rotor shaft, a radial bearing, a thrust disc and a thrust bearing, wherein the rotor shaft is supported on the bearing base and the bearing cover, and the radial bearing, the thrust disc and the thrust bearing are arranged on the rotor shaft in a sleeving mode; the bearing base is fixedly connected to the bearing shell; the bearing cover is fixedly connected to the bearing base; the radial bearing is arranged in the bearing base and the bearing cover; the thrust bearing and the thrust disc are arranged in a cavity formed by the bearing cover and the bearing base; the thrust bearing is arranged between the bearing cover and the thrust disc and forms three bearing pairs with the bearing cover, the thrust disc and the rotor shaft respectively; and the thrust bearing is provided with an oil wedge groove in the radial direction, when the rotor shaft rotates, the thrust bearing is driven to rotate together through the effect of the oil-film force when the rotor shaft rotates at a high speed to form a floating thrust bearing, and therefore the floating thrust bearing can rotate along with the rotor shaft at a certain rotating speed, and the relative angular velocity between the floating thrust bearing and the bearing cover and between the floating thrust bearing and the thrust disc can be reduced.