The invention belongs to the technical field of environment protection equipment and particularly relates to a mobile rubber belt conveyor and a dust removal method. The mobile rubber belt conveyor comprises a main rack, a conveyor belt, a feeding device, an upper sealing device and a lower sealing device, wherein the conveyor belt is arranged above the main rack, the main rack is provided with a discharging outlet, the upper sealing device is arranged on the upper portion of the main rack, and a dust removal port is formed in the upper portion of the upper sealing device; and the feeding device is arranged on the upper sealing device and used for feeding materials to the conveyor belt, the lower sealing device is arranged on the lower portion of the main rack, a containing space is arranged between the upper sealing device and the lower sealing device, and the containing space communicates with the dust removal port and the discharging outlet of the feeding device. Raising dust and airflow generated in the feeding and unloading processes of the mobile rubber belt conveyor are well guided out under the condition that materials are well conveyed and transferred, the dust removal effect is achieved, and the environment protection requirement is met.