The invention relates to a method for preparing an anti-abrasion porous zirconium oxide ceramic layer at a surface of zirconium alloy. A component of the zirconium alloy is Zr47Ti45Al5V3. A preparation method mainly comprises the following steps: (1) pre-treating the surface of the zirconium alloy; (2) preparing micro-arc oxidation electrolyte, wherein main components of the micro-arc oxidation electrolyte are an Na2SiO3 aqueous solution, Na3PO4, alkaline electrolyte KOH and KF; (3) performing ultrasonic micro-arc oxidation treatment, wherein the ultrasonic frequency is 30kHz to 60kHz, micro-arc oxidation voltage is 200V to 500V, pulse width is 100 microseconds, and pulse frequency is 500Hz; performing the micro-arc oxidation for 5 min to 60 min under the condition that the electrolyte temperature is 40 DEG C, finally washing until the surface of the zirconium alloy is clean, and naturally air-curing. The method is simple in process, used equipment is low-cost, and the technological cost of products is low; and compared with zirconium alloy used in nuke industry and acetic acid industry, the strength of the prepared zirconium is increased by 108 percent, the density is decreased about 12 percent, and the prepared zirconium alloy is a novel structural material having application potential in aerospace as well as ships and ocean engineering.