The invention relates to the technical field of optical fiber sensing devices, in particular to a vibration acceleration sensing device based on a silicon carbide optical fiber F-P resonant cavity. The vibration acceleration sensing device comprises a packaging shell, a ceramic base, sapphire optical fiber and a vibrating sensitive piece, wherein the ceramic base is fixedly arranged in the packaging shell, a square fixing groove is formed in the upper end face of the ceramic base, and the vibrating sensitive piece is embedded in an opening in the upper end of the fixing groove; a center through hole penetrating through the fixing groove is formed in the lower end of the ceramic base, the sapphire optical fiber penetrates through the center through hole, and the F-P resonant cavity is formed by arranging the upper end face of the sapphire optical fiber and the vibrating sensitive piece in a spaced mode. The vibration acceleration sensing device is reasonable in structure, the vibrating sensitive piece of a silicon-carbide-based four cantilever structure is packaged on the zirconia ceramic base, the F-P resonant cavity is formed by the end face of the sapphire optical fiber and the vibrating sensitive piece in the spaced mode, vibration or acceleration detection in the ultra-high temperature environment can be achieved, and the vibration acceleration sensing device is intrinsically safe in overall structure, large in measurement range and high in measurement precision.