The invention relates to the technical field of dust removal, and discloses a filter drum-type welding smoke dust removal device. The filter drum-type welding smoke dust removal device comprises a case, wherein a gas collecting tank is arranged in the middle of the case; an air inlet cavity is arranged at the lower side of the gas collecting tank in the case; an exhaust cavity is arranged at the upper side of the gas collecting tank in the case; an air inlet hole is formed in the side surface of the air inlet cavity; an exhaust channel is arranged at the top of the exhaust cavity; two filter drums of which the axes are vertical are arranged at the lower side of the gas collecting tank; the lower ends of the filter drums are closed; the upper ends of the filter drums communicate with the inside of the gas collecting tank; an exhaust fan is arranged at the top surface of the gas collecting tank; a guide cover communicating with the inside of the gas collecting tank is arranged at an air inlet end of the exhaust fan; a gas storage tank is arranged on the side surface of the case; a blowpipe is arranged in the gas collecting tank; an air inlet end of the blowpipe is connected with the gas storage tank; a control valve is arranged on the gas storage tank; and a dust collecting groove is arranged at the bottom of the air inlet cavity. The filter drum-type welding smoke dust removal device has the beneficial effects that the filter drums can be automatically cleaned at regular intervals and a good welding smoke filtering effect is ensured.