The invention discloses a preparation method of a polysorbate-hydroxyapatite nano composite material for rural drinking water treatment. The preparation method is characterized by preparing a hydroxyapatite nano material by utilizing a microwave chemical reactor together with modification of novel ionic liquid, and carrying out organic complexing on the prepared hydroxyapatite nano material by polysorbate under a microwave irradiation condition, thus preparing the novel polysorbate-hydroxyapatite nano composite material for adsorbing arsenic ions and fluorine ions in rural drinking water. The polysorbate-hydroxyapatite nano composite material prepared through the preparation method disclosed by the invention is uniform in particle size, small in particle granularity and high in specific surface area and adsorption performance and especially has very good adsorbability on arsenic and fluorine, and the adsorption rates are both up to not less than 85 percent. The preparation method disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of simpleness, quickness, energy conservation and batch production.