The present invention discloses a method for designing a large-numerical value aperture Fresnel zone plate based on axial resolution and belongs to the micro-nano optics field. Required axial resolution and a working distance are given according to a condition that linearly polarized light perpendicularly irradiates a large-numerical value aperture binary amplitude type Fresnel zone plate; a focal length corresponding to an equation described in the descriptions of the invention is obtained through an empirical formula described in the descriptions of the invention; the number N of the ring bands and diameter D of a required Fresnel zone plate (FZP) can be obtained through calculation; and the along-axis diffraction intensity field distribution of the FZP designed for laser beam lighting can be calculated through using a vector angular spectrum theory and fast Hankel transformation algorithm. The method of the invention is applicable to a variety of typical polarized light beam lighting situations. The microstructure FZP designed by using the method can be applied to fields such as laser micromachining, high-resolution microscopic imaging and optical storage.