The invention relates to a power line channel estimation method based on compressed sensing. The steps are as follows: 1) signal sparse representation; 2) data compression; and 3) compressed data reconstruction, wherein a receiving end estimates an impact response h(t) of a power line channel through the adoption of a sending reconstruction algorithm by use of an extracted power line channel feature y, thereby performing the accurate channel estimation on the power line channel. Aiming at the sparseness of the power line channel, the invention provides a power line channel estimation method based on the compressed sensing; the method realizes the effective evaluation on the power line channel, and has the features of being small in channel occupation and less storage content; a simulation result indicates that the power line channel estimation method based on the compressed sensing uses less pilot signal and less storage resource, but the algorithm performance is superior to the minimum least square channel estimation algorithm; therefore, the purposed algorithm has better application prospect.