The invention discloses an anti-high-salinity comb-type micro-segmented hydrophobic associated polymer and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method includes: adopting a mixed micelle polymerization method to prepare the comb-type micro-segmented hydrophobic associated polymer: adding a surfactant (SDS), a cationic hydrophobic monomer and a nonionic surface activity monomer into a water solution containing water-soluble monomers like acrylamide and acrylic acid to form mixed micelle; solubilizing a double-tail hydrophobic monomer N-aryl-N-alkyl(methyl) acrylamide(PEMAM) in the mixed micelle; copolymerizing the hydrophobic monomer and the water-soluble monomer by means of photo-initiation to obtain the comb-type micro-segmented hydrophobic associated polymer. The polymer has a comb-type structure, so that temperature resistance, tackifying performance and salt resistance of the polymer are improved; a micro-segmented hydrophobic structure endows the polymer with excellent salt resistance and tackifying performance, and consumption of the polymer can be effectively lowered; the temperature-resistant salt-resistant polymer which can be used for chemical flooding of oil fields is prepared by combining advantages of the comb-type structure and the micro-segmented hydrophobic structure.