The invention provides an NPP satellite positioning calibration method. The method comprises the steps that reference coordinate systems Rg, Rv and Rs are defined with the earth center, a satellite and an original scanning point; satellite positioning is carried out; satellite data separation and quality control are carried out; a satellite calibration straight line is determined, and linear radiation is calculated; and non-linear correction is carried out on linear radiation. According to the technical scheme provided by the invention, the calibration correction of infrared channel radiation data is completed; the reading accuracy and quality of the satellite data are improved; a technical support is provided for advanced interpretation and numerical assimilation and the like of NPP meteorological satellite data; and the method is a core key technology of multi-source meteorological observation data in power production applications.