The invention relates to a device and method for rapidly determining a dry-type transformer winding based on power frequency radiography. The device comprises a dry-type transformer, wherein a film is arranged on the inner side of the high-voltage winding of the dry-type transformer, and an image quality indicator is arranged at the position, corresponding to an imaging plate, on the outer side of the high-voltage winding of the dry-type transformer. The device further comprises a power frequency ray machine, wherein the power frequency ray machine is arranged at the position a certain distance away from the outer side of the dry-type transformer and used for transmitting X-rays towards the image quality indicator. The device adopts the power frequency radiography (film method) to rapid determine whether the dry-type transformer winding is made of aluminum or copper, is simple and convenient to operate, makes results visual and does not need to damage a device body.