The invention discloses a high-pressure water jet move-forward and move-backward type pipeline dredging drill bit. The high-pressure water jet move-forward and move-backward type pipeline dredging drill bit comprises a front taper cylinder, a middle barrel body, a rear taper cylinder and a rear barrel body which are coaxially arranged in sequence from front to back, wherein a spiral flange strip is arranged on the outer circumferential surface of the middle barrel body; at least three move-forward water spraying holes are formed in the rear part of the middle barrel body in the circumferential direction; at least three move-backward water spraying holes are formed in the front of the middle barrel body in the circumferential direction; a fixed bracket is arranged on the inner wall in the middle of the middle barrel body; a water pressure adjustment linkage mechanism for closing/opening the move-forward water spraying holes or opening/closing the move-backward water spraying hole is arranged on the fixed bracket; a jet hole is formed in the front end of the front taper cylinder; the inside of the rear barrel body is coaxially connected with a water entering pipe; a rotary sealing structure is arranged between the outer wall of the water entering pipe and the inner wall of the rear barrel body. The high-pressure water jet move-forward and move-backward type pipeline dredging drill bit fully reduces the labor intensity of an operator, is high in automation degree, can move forwards or backwards by adjusting the water pressure, can be used repeatedly for multiple times, is good in dredging effect, and is especially applicable to dredging operation for municipal pipelines.