A residual soil regeneration processing system for contaminated bottom mud in rivers and lakes, comprising: a sedimentation device (10); a conditioning device (20) communicated with the sedimentation device (10) and used for conditioning and tempering mud to obtain concentrated and conditioned mud; and a pressure filtration device (30). The residual soil regeneration processing system for contaminated bottom mud in rivers and lakes performs concentration, conditioning, and modified-tempering on mud using the conditioning device (20), so as to change the inner microstructure of the mud while quickly improving the dewatering and curing effect of the pressure filtration device (30). The mud conditioned and concentrated by the conditioning device (20) enters the pressure filtration device (30) for a mud-water separation operation, and the mud is condensed by the pressure filtration device (30) to obtain a solid mud cake. The obtained mud cake has low moisture content, and the harmless treatment and resource recycling of contaminated bottom mud are implemented.