The invention relates to a self-propelled pipeline construction fast-connecting device, which comprises a crawler type travelling mechanism. A base is arranged on the crawler type travelling mechanism; a guide rail is arranged on the base; a pipe male end guiding seat and a pipe female end guiding seat are arranged on two ends of the base; and two pipe male end moving mechanisms, two annular compressing mechanisms, two pipe female end fixing mechanisms and two pipe plug-in mounting mechanisms are sequentially and symmetrically arranged on two sides of the base between the pipe male end guiding seat and the pipe female end guiding seat. By adopting the device provided by the invention, the fast plug-in mounting construction of pipe ends in site of socket-and-spigot-joint connecting pipelines is realized.