The invention discloses an electronic control system and method of an ultrasonic cavitation process, and relates to the electronic control adjustment of the ultrasonic cavitation process. According to the invention, an ultrasonic cavitation system is composed of an ultrasonic generator, a transducer, an amplitude transformer, a sample, a cavitation medium and a metal container to realize ultrasonic frequency vibration of the sample; the cavitation and collapse of the cavitation medium are induced; and cavitation damage on the sample surface is realized. A direct current power supply, a variable resistor and a transformer constitute a power supply system to realize voltage adjustment of the sample and the metal container. In the process, an eddy current sensor, a comparator, an operational amplifier and a commutation switch constitute a commutation system to realize synchronous current commutation of the sample and the metal container. Through coordination of the ultrasonic cavitation system, the power supply system and the commutation system, electronic control adjustment of the ultrasonic cavitation process is realized.