The invention discloses an aircraft data acquisition and transmission device disposed in an aircraft electronic cabin and comprising a programmable analog input unit, a synchronous reference input end, a ultralow voltage source input end, a high-precision constant-current source, an analog-digital conversion unit, a control chip, an EMCC storage chip, a USB interface, a RS232 interface, an ARINC 429 digital interface, and a power conversion unit. The analog-digital conversion unit converts sensor signals into digital signals and sends the digital signals subjected to unified specific digital encoding to the control chip via the ARINC 429 digital interface. An encoded signal includes the unique identifier of the corresponding sensor. The high-precision constant-current source is used for measuring resistance values. The EMCC storage chip is used for storing the encoded signals. Data are updated and transmitted in a USB and asynchronous communication mode. The aircraft data acquisition and transmission device may utilize monitored data.