The invention discloses a method for rapid preparation of a multi-level structure hydrotalcite and graphene oxide composite material. The method particularly comprises the steps: in a reaction vessel, taking graphene oxide to prepare an aqueous colloidal solution; followed by, adding an ammonia water solution to the pH value of 10-12, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 15-30 min; then adding a mixed solution of a divalent metal salt and a trivalent metal salt, and continuing to carry out stirring ultrasonic treatment for 1-2 h; and finally, centrifuging, washing, drying, and thus obtaining the multi-level structure hydrotalcite and graphene oxide composite material. The method has the advantages of simple and easily controlled process, sample equipment, low cost, high efficiency, one-step synthesis, short period, low energy consumption, environmental friendliness, and high product purity, thereby having good application prospect.